The 1965 act marked a radical break from the immigration policies of the past. The law as it stood then excluded Asians and Africans and preferred northern and western Europeans over southern and eastern ones.[2] At the height of the civil rights movement of the 1960s the law was seen as an embarrassment by, among others, President John F. Kennedy, who called the then-quota-system “nearly intolerable”.[3] After Kennedy’s assassination, President Lyndon Johnson signed the bill at the foot of the Statue of Liberty as a symbolic gesture.

In order to convince the American populace – the majority of whom were opposed to the act – of the legislation’s merits, its liberal proponents assured that passage would not influence America’s culture significantly. President Johnson called the bill “not revolutionary”, Secretary of State Dean Rusk estimated only a few thousand Indian immigrants over the next five years, and other politicians, including Senator Ted Kennedy, hastened to reassure the populace that the demographic mix would not be affected; these assertions would later prove wildly inaccurate.[4] In line with earlier immigration law, the bill also prohibited the entry into the country of “sexual deviants”, including homosexuals. By doing so it crystallised the policy of the INS that had previously been rejecting homosexual immigrants on the grounds that they were “mentally defective” or had a “constitutional psychopathic inferiority”.

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